Health and Medical
Kosakata Dasar Bahasa Inggris - Bagian 3 · 50 pelajaran
What does “Gynecology” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Gynecology" comes from Greek words meaning "woman" (gyne) and "study" (logos). It's the medical specialty focused on women's reproductive health, including the uterus, ovaries, and related conditions.
Why B is wrong: That describes *urology* or *andrology*—the specialties dealing with male reproductive systems, not gynecology.
What does “Bronchitis” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Bronchitis literally breaks down as "bronchi" (airways in the lungs) + "itis" (inflammation). It's a respiratory condition where the tubes that carry air to your lungs become inflamed and produce mucus, causing coughing and breathing difficulty.
Why B is wrong: Bronchitis affects the *respiratory* system, not the circulatory system. Option B describes a circulatory/blood vessel problem, which is completely different from bronchitis. The "bronchi" part of the word specifically refers to airways, not blood vessels.
What does “Antibody” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
An antibody is a protein your immune system makes to fight invaders like bacteria or viruses. When your body detects something foreign and harmful, it produces these proteins to neutralize or destroy the threat.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes a toxin or poison released *by* bacteria, not a defense *against* them. This is the opposite of what an antibody does—antibodies protect you, while toxins harm you.
What does “Cellulitis” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Cellulitis is a bacterial infection that spreads through the skin and the soft tissues underneath it. It causes redness, swelling, and warmth in the affected area.
Why B is wrong: That description matches eczema or dermatitis (allergic skin reactions), not cellulitis. Cellulitis is an *infection*, not an allergic reaction, and it's not primarily characterized by dryness or itching.
What does “Dermatitis” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Dermatitis" literally means inflammation of the skin ("derm-" = skin, "-itis" = inflammation). The symptoms listed—itchy rash, redness, swelling, and pain—are the hallmark signs of dermatitis in all its forms.
Why B is wrong: This describes healthy, clear skin that is hydrated and not sensitive. Dermatitis is the opposite—it's a problem condition, not a normal healthy state. B describes skin *without* dermatitis.
What does “Eczema” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Eczema is a skin condition that causes red patches, itching, and scaling. This accurately describes the actual symptoms of eczema—inflammation, irritation, and flaking skin.
Why B is wrong: This describes *healthy* skin, not eczema. Eczema is the *opposite*—it's a disease that damages and irritates the skin, not something that makes it smooth and clear.
What does “Fungal Infection” mean?
Correct Answer (A): This is the accurate definition. A fungal infection occurs when fungi (like molds or yeasts) grow on or inside the body, causing illness. Examples include athlete's foot, candida, and ringworm.
Why B is wrong: This describes *disinfection*—the process of killing harmful microorganisms—not a fungal infection itself. Disinfection is a treatment method, not a type of infection.
What does “Genome” mean?
Correct answer (A): Kumpulan lengkap materi genetik di dalam organisme.
- "Kumpulan" (collection/set) is the right word because a genome is a *complete collection* of all genetic material—DNA and genes—that an organism has.
Why B is wrong:
- "Kehadiran" means "presence" or "existence," which doesn't capture the meaning of genome.
- A genome isn't just the *presence* of genetic material; it's the *complete set/collection* of it.
- Option A uses more precise vocabulary for the biological definition.
What does “Histamine” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Histamine is a chemical messenger that cells *release* when injury, allergic reactions, or inflammation occur. This is the accurate definition—histamine causes the redness, swelling, itching, and other symptoms you feel during allergies or injuries.
Why B is wrong: It says histamine is "*depleted*" (terkuras) and causes "healing and anti-inflammatory" effects. This is backwards—histamine is *released* (not used up), and it actually *causes* inflammation, not prevents it. Anti-inflammatory drugs work by *blocking* histamine's effects.
What does “Insomnia” mean?
Why A is correct:
Insomnia means a persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep—it's a sleep disorder that causes ongoing problems.
Why B is wrong:
This describes the opposite of insomnia. It says someone can easily fall and stay asleep, which is normal, healthy sleep—not insomnia at all.
What does “Jojoba” mean?
Why A is correct:
Jojoba is actually a desert shrub (not a tropical tree) native to the southwestern US and Mexico. It produces a liquid wax that's widely used in cosmetics and skincare products—this is its primary commercial value.
Why B is wrong:
- Jojoba is NOT a tropical rainforest plant—it grows in arid desert regions
- It doesn't produce thick, sticky sap; it produces a clear liquid wax
- This description fits other tropical plants, not jojoba
What does “Anemia” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Anemia literally means a lack of blood cells or hemoglobin. Red blood cells carry oxygen, so fewer of them means your body gets less oxygen, causing paleness and fatigue. This is the medical definition.
Why B is wrong: Option B describes the *opposite* condition—having too many red blood cells. This is polycythemia, not anemia. While it might cause ruddy skin, it's the reverse of what anemia is.
What does “Bursitis” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
"Bursitis" comes from "bursa" (a fluid-filled sac that cushions joints) + "-itis" (meaning inflammation). So bursitis is inflammation of a bursa, commonly affecting the knee, elbow, or shoulder where these sacs are located.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says there is "no inflammation" on the bursa, which directly contradicts the medical definition. The "-itis" suffix always means inflammation, so this option contradicts the word's meaning.
What does “Cancer” mean?
A is correct because cancer occurs when cells divide abnormally and without control, creating tumors and spreading through the body.
B is wrong because it describes normal, controlled cell division—that's healthy cell growth, not cancer. Cancer is specifically about cells dividing *abnormally* and *uncontrollably*.
What does “Diabetes” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Diabetes is when the body cannot properly make or respond to insulin — this disruption (terganggu) is the core problem. Without enough insulin or proper insulin function, blood sugar stays too high, causing diabetes.
Why B is wrong: It says insulin production/response is "optimal" (optimal), which means working perfectly. This describes a *healthy* person, not someone with diabetes. Diabetes is the opposite — when insulin function is *disrupted*, not when it works well.
What does “Embolism” mean?
# Explanation
Correct Answer (A): Pemblokiran arteri, biasanya oleh gumpalan darah atau gelembung udara.
This is the accurate medical definition. An embolism occurs when a blood clot, air bubble, or other material travels through blood vessels and blocks an artery, potentially cutting off blood supply to vital organs.
Why B is wrong:
Option B contradicts itself by saying "tidak ada pemblokiran" (no blockage), which is the opposite of what an embolism is. An embolism is *defined by* the presence of a blockage, not the absence of one.
What does “Frostbite” mean?
Option A is correct because "frostbite" literally comes from "frost" (extreme cold), and it describes tissue damage from freezing temperatures—not heat. The condition typically affects extremities like fingers, toes, and nose, and can lead to gangrene if severe.
Option B is wrong because it describes heat damage (burns), not cold damage. The word "frostbite" has nothing to do with fire or hot temperatures—it's specifically about freezing injury.
What does “Genetics” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Genetics is the study of inheritance and variation of traits passed down from parents to offspring through genes. This is the accurate definition.
Why B is wrong:
- It incorrectly says genetics studies traits that are NOT inherited. Genetics specifically focuses on *hereditary* traits (those controlled by genes), not acquired habits or characteristics gained during life.
- For example, your eye color is genetic, but a language you learn is not—so B describes the opposite of what genetics actually studies.
What does “Hernia” mean?
Option A is correct because a hernia is exactly what it describes—when part of an organ pushes through and bulges out of the wall that normally contains it. This is the medical definition.
Option B is wrong because it describes the *opposite* of a hernia. It says the organ is "properly placed and does NOT bulge through"—that's a normal, healthy condition, not a hernia. A hernia always involves abnormal protrusion.
What does “Intensive Care” mean?
# Explanation
Why A is correct:
Intensive Care means specialized medical care in a hospital unit for critically ill or injured patients. It involves continuous monitoring, advanced equipment, and frequent intervention—exactly what "khusus" (special/specialized) and "dirawat" (cared for) describe.
Why B is wrong:
This option contains a contradiction. It says "non-khusus" (non-specialized), which is the opposite of what intensive care is. Also, "diabaikan" (neglected/ignored) directly contradicts the purpose of intensive care, which is to provide close, active treatment. Critically ill patients receive intensive *attention*, not neglect.
What does “Lung Disease” mean?
Correct Answer (A): This is right because lung disease is defined as any condition that *prevents* or impairs normal lung function. Diseases damage or obstruct the lungs, making it harder to breathe and get oxygen into the body.
Why B is wrong: This describes something that *helps* lungs work better, which is the opposite of disease. A disease causes problems, not solutions. This would describe a treatment or healthy function, not a disease.
What does “Neuralgia” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
"Neuralgia" comes from "neuro-" (nerve) + "-algia" (pain). It literally means nerve pain—specifically a sharp, severe pain that follows a nerve's path in your body.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes a *calming* sensation, but "-algia" always means pain or suffering, never something soothing. Neuralgia is painful, not pleasant.
What does “Osteoporosis” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Kondisi di mana tulang menjadi lemah dan rapuh"
"Osteoporosis" comes from "osteo" (bone) + "porosis" (porous/full of holes). The condition causes bones to lose density and become fragile, making them more prone to fractures—exactly what option A describes.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes the opposite—strong and elastic bones. Osteoporosis does the reverse: it weakens bones and makes them brittle, not flexible. This describes healthy bone tissue, not osteoporosis.
What does “Paralysis” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Kehilangan kemampuan untuk bergerak sebagian atau seluruh tubuh (Loss of ability to move part or all of the body)
- This is the accurate medical definition of paralysis—when nerve or muscle damage prevents movement in affected body parts.
Why B is wrong:
- "Peningkatan kemampuan" means *increased* ability, which is the opposite of paralysis. Paralysis involves *loss* of movement, not gain.
What does “Quarantine” mean?
A is correct: Quarantine means isolation to prevent disease spread. When someone is quarantined, they're separated from others to stop a contagious illness from spreading to the community.
B is wrong: This is the opposite of what quarantine does. Quarantine prevents disease spread, not promotes it. A meeting to promote spreading would be harmful and the definition of quarantine.
What does “Rickets” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Rickets is a disease that softens and weakens bones in children, causing them to bend and deform. This happens because children don't get enough vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which are needed to build strong bones.
Why B is wrong: Option B says bones become hard and straight, which is the opposite of what rickets does. Rickets makes bones *soft and weak*, not hard—that's why they bend out of shape.
What does “Scurvy” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan vitamin C
Scurvy is a real disease caused by vitamin C deficiency. Sailors and explorers historically got scurvy when they couldn't eat fresh fruits and vegetables for long periods.
Why B is wrong:
There's no disease from *too much* vitamin C—your body simply excretes excess vitamin C in urine. Scurvy is specifically a deficiency disease, not an excess disease.
What does “Tetanus” mean?
# Explanation
Correct answer (A): Tetanus causes muscle rigidity/stiffness (kekakuan), not weakness. The hallmark symptom is severe muscle tightness, often starting in the jaw ("lockjaw") and spreading throughout the body.
Why B is wrong: It incorrectly describes tetanus as causing "extreme muscle weakness" (kelemahan otot). Tetanus patients experience the opposite—uncontrollable muscle *tightening* and spasms, which can be life-threatening because the muscles controlling breathing become rigid.
What does “Ulcer” mean?
Correct Answer: A
An ulcer is an open sore or wound that forms on the skin or mucous membranes (like inside the mouth or stomach). This matches option A exactly.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says "penyembuhan" (healing), but an ulcer is the opposite—it's damage or a break in the skin/membrane, not a healing process. Ulcers are the problem, not the solution.
What does “Vertigo” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
Vertigo is the medical term for dizziness with a spinning sensation. You feel like the room is rotating around you or you're spinning, even though you're standing still. This happens when your balance system (inner ear, eyes, or brain) gets confused.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes the *opposite* of vertigo. It says "perfect balance" and "feeling stable"—but vertigo is about *losing* your balance and feeling unsteady, not gaining it.
What does “Whooping Cough” mean?
Correct answer (A): Whooping cough is a severe respiratory disease caused by bacteria that spreads easily between people. The "whooping" sound comes from the intense, uncontrollable coughing fits—not mild coughs—which is why "batuk parah" (severe cough) is accurate.
Why B is wrong: While whooping cough is indeed bacterial and highly contagious, it does NOT involve mild coughing ("batuk ringan"). The defining characteristic is the severe, violent coughing spasms that can last for weeks, making option B factually incorrect about the severity of symptoms.
What does “Respiration” mean?
# Explanation
A is correct because respiration is the process where organisms use oxygen to break down food molecules and release energy (plus carbon dioxide and water as byproducts). This is what actually happens in cells.
B is wrong for two reasons:
- It says organisms combine CO₂ with food (backwards—respiration *produces* CO₂, not uses it)
- It says energy is "prevented" rather than released—respiration actually *releases* energy for the cell to use
What does “Vitamin Deficiency” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
"Vitamin deficiency" literally means not having *enough* vitamins. When your body doesn't get sufficient vitamins, you lack the nutrients needed for normal body functions, leading to health problems like fatigue, weak immunity, or poor bone health.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes the opposite problem—having *too much* vitamin in your body. This is called "vitamin toxicity" or "hypervitaminosis," not deficiency. It's a different condition with different causes and effects.
What does “Cardiac Arrest” mean?
Correct Answer: A - Berhentinya tiba-tiba kemampuan jantung untuk berfungsi
Cardiac arrest means the heart suddenly stops working/pumping blood effectively. This is a life-threatening emergency requiring immediate CPR and defibrillation.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says "sudden increase" in heart function, which is the opposite of what cardiac arrest is. Cardiac arrest is a *decrease* to zero function, not an increase.
What does “Hyperglycemia” mean?
Correct Answer (A): High abnormal glucose levels
- "Hyper-" means excessive/high, and "-glycemia" refers to glucose in the blood, so hyperglycemia literally means too much sugar in the blood.
Why B is wrong:
- That describes hypoglycemia (hypo- = low), which is the opposite condition—dangerously low blood sugar, not high.
What does “Hypoglycemia” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Low blood glucose level
- "Hypo-" means below or low, and "-glycemia" refers to blood sugar, so hypoglycemia literally means low blood sugar.
- This is the dangerous condition where your body doesn't have enough glucose for energy.
Why B is wrong:
- That describes hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), not hypoglycemia.
- "Hyper-" means above or high, which is the opposite prefix.
What does “Migraine” mean?
Correct Answer (A): This accurately defines migraine. Migraines are intense headaches typically accompanied by nausea and heightened sensitivity to light (photophobia) and sound (phonophobia). These symptoms together are what make migraines distinct from other headache types.
Why B is wrong: It uses "kekenyangan" (fullness/satiety), which is unrelated to migraines. It also says "kekebalan" (immunity/resistance), which is the opposite of what happens—people with migraines become *more* sensitive to light and sound, not resistant to it.
What does “Osteoarthritis” mean?
A is correct because osteoarthritis is a *degenerative* disease—the protective cartilage wears down (aus) over time, causing joint pain and stiffness. This is the defining characteristic of this common type of arthritis.
B is wrong because it says the cartilage "strengthens" (menguat) over time, which is the opposite of what happens. Osteoarthritis involves breakdown, not buildup.
What does “Rheumatism” mean?
# Rheumatism Definition
Option A is correct because rheumatism literally means diseases involving inflammation and pain in joints, muscles, or connective tissues—this matches the actual medical definition.
Option B is wrong because it says "strengthening and comfort," which is the opposite of what rheumatism actually causes. Rheumatism causes weakness and discomfort, not improvement.
What does “Tuberculosis” mean?
Why A is correct:
Tuberculosis is literally a *contagious* bacterial disease ("menular") marked by nodule growth ("pertumbuhan nodul") in tissues, especially the lungs. The term itself comes from "tubercle" (small nodule) + "osis" (condition).
Why B is wrong:
- Says "pelindung" (protective) instead of "menular" (contagious)—TB is spread from person to person, not protective
- Says "pembusukan" (decay/rotting) instead of "pertumbuhan" (growth)—TB causes nodule formation, not decay
What does “Zoonotic Diseases” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Penyakit yang ditularkan dari hewan ke manusia.
- "Zoonotic" comes from "zoo" (animal) and "nosis" (disease), literally meaning diseases that jump FROM animals TO humans. Examples include rabies, bird flu, and COVID-19.
Why B is wrong:
- This describes diseases going the opposite direction (human → animal), which is the reverse of zoonotic transmission.
- Diseases spreading from humans to animals have a different name and concept.
What does “Lymphatic System” mean?
Correct Answer (A): This accurately describes the lymphatic system's function—it's a network of vessels that allows lymph fluid to drain from body tissues back into the bloodstream. This is the system's primary purpose.
Why B is wrong: It contradicts how the lymphatic system actually works. The system *enables* drainage of lymph, not *prevents* it. If it prevented drainage, fluid would accumulate in tissues causing swelling and dysfunction.
What does “Myocardial Infarction” mean?
Correct Answer: A. Istilah lain untuk serangan jantung
- "Myocardial" refers to the heart muscle, and "infarction" means tissue death due to lack of blood flow
- Together, myocardial infarction = death of heart muscle tissue from blocked blood supply = heart attack
- This is the medical/scientific term for what people commonly call a "heart attack"
Why B is wrong:
- "Kesehatan jantung" means heart health/wellness—the opposite of a heart attack
- Myocardial infarction is a serious medical emergency, not a general health condition
What does “Thyroid Gland” mean?
Correct Answer (A): The thyroid is a large endocrine gland (ductless gland) in your neck that produces hormones like thyroxine, which regulate your body's growth, development, and metabolism. This is accurate.
Why B is wrong:
- Says the thyroid is small — it's actually one of the larger endocrine glands
- Says hormones inhibit (block) growth — thyroid hormones actually promote growth and development
- Only the last part (ductless gland in the neck) is correct
What does “Benign Tumor” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
A benign tumor is non-cancerous and stays localized—it doesn't invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body. This is the defining characteristic that makes it "benign" (harmless/mild).
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes an *malignant* (cancerous) tumor, which actively invades nearby tissues and metastasizes (spreads) throughout the body. This is the opposite of benign.
What does “Wound Care” mean?
Correct Answer: A - Pengelolaan luka untuk mempromosikan penyembuhan (Wound management to promote healing)
- This is the true definition of wound care—it's the active process of treating injuries to help them heal properly and prevent infection.
Why B is wrong:
- Option B describes the *opposite* of wound care (neglecting wounds leading to deterioration). Wound care is about *preventing* deterioration, not causing it.
What does “Thrombosis” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Thrombosis means local blood clotting within a blood vessel—a clot forms *inside* the circulatory system while blood is still flowing. This is the medical definition.
Why B is wrong: Option B describes *prevention* of clotting (pencegahan), which is the opposite of thrombosis. That would be anticoagulation or something like fibrinolysis (clot breakdown), not thrombosis itself.
What does “Neurotransmitter” mean?
# Explanation
A is correct: A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger that actively *transmits* (sends) signals across the synapse (the gap between neurons). The word itself—"neuro" (nerve) + "transmitter" (something that sends)—tells you it *carries* signals from one neuron to another.
B is wrong: This describes an inhibitor or blocking agent, not a transmitter. While some neurotransmitters can have inhibitory effects, the core definition of "neurotransmitter" is about *transmission* of signals, not prevention of them. The word "mencegah" (prevent) contradicts what "transmitter" means.
What does “Palliative Care” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Palliative care focuses on improving quality of life for patients with serious or life-threatening illnesses. It provides comfort, pain relief, and emotional support—not to cure, but to help patients live as well as possible during their illness.
Why B is wrong: It says palliative care aims to *worsen* quality of life, which is the complete opposite of what it actually does. Palliative care is compassionate and supportive, never harmful.
What does “Hypothermia” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Hypothermia" comes from "hypo-" (meaning low) + "thermia" (meaning temperature). It describes dangerously low body temperature—your body loses heat faster than it can produce it, which is life-threatening.
Why B is wrong: That describes *hyperthermia* or heat stroke (abnormally high temperature). The prefix "hyper-" means high, not "hypo-." These are opposite conditions.
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