Numbers and Counting
Kosakata Dasar Bahasa Inggris - Bagian 2 · 50 pelajaran
What does “Digit Sum” mean?
Correct answer (A): Jumlah dari semua digit dalam suatu angka
- "Digit Sum" means you add up all the individual digits in a number. For example, the digit sum of 234 is 2 + 3 + 4 = 9.
- The word "sum" in English means addition, so this is the right interpretation.
Why B is wrong:
- Option B says "perkalian" (multiplication), but digit sum requires addition, not multiplication. If you multiplied the digits of 234, you'd get 2 × 3 × 4 = 24, which is not what digit sum means.
What does “Single Digit” mean?
Why A is correct:
"Single digit" means a number made up of only ONE numeral (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9). These are the basic numbers in our counting system.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says the opposite—it describes numbers with MORE than one digit (like 10, 25, 100), which are called "multi-digit" numbers, not single-digit numbers.
What does “Double Digit” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Sebuah angka antara 10 dan 99
- "Double digit" means a number with exactly two digits. Numbers from 10 to 99 all have two digits (like 15, 42, 87), so this is correct.
Why B is wrong:
- Numbers below 10 (like 5) have only one digit, and numbers above 99 (like 100) have three or more digits. Neither of these are "double digit" numbers.
What does “Triple Digit” mean?
Why A is correct:
"Triple digit" means a number with exactly three digits. Numbers from 100 to 999 all have three digits (like 234, 567, 999), so this is the right definition.
Why B is wrong:
Numbers under 100 (like 99) have only one or two digits, and numbers over 999 (like 1000) have four or more digits. Neither of these are triple digits.
What does “Counting Principle” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
This is the Fundamental Counting Principle—when you have multiple independent choices to make, you multiply the number of options for each choice to find the total number of outcomes. For example: if you have 3 shirt choices and 4 pants choices, you have 3 × 4 = 12 total outfits.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says the total number of ways depends on only *one* way to do something, which contradicts the counting principle. The principle is about combining *multiple* independent choices, not limiting to a single way.
What does “Binary Number” mean?
Why A is correct:
A binary number uses exactly two symbols (0 and 1) to represent all values. This is the fundamental definition—"binary" literally means "two." Computers use binary because these two digits map perfectly to on/off electrical states.
Why B is wrong:
B describes a number system with *more than two* symbols, which is the opposite of binary. That would be decimal (10 symbols: 0–9), hexadecimal (16 symbols), or other systems—not binary.
What does “Octal Number” mean?
Why A is correct:
Octal is a base-8 number system that uses only the digits 0–7. Any number expressed using these digits is an octal number. This is the actual definition of octal notation.
Why B is wrong:
This describes the opposite of octal. It says octal uses digits *outside* 0–7, which is incorrect. Octal is specifically limited to digits 0–7; using digits 8 or 9 would make it a different number system (like decimal).
What does “Hexadecimal Number” mean?
Why A is correct:
Hexadecimal literally means "base-16" and uses 16 symbols: digits 0–9 (ten symbols) plus letters A–F (six more symbols). This is the actual definition of how hexadecimal numbers work.
Why B is wrong:
This option contradicts the definition of hexadecimal. It describes a number system that specifically *excludes* letters A–F, which is not hexadecimal—that would be describing decimal (base-10) or binary (base-2), which only use digits.
What does “Place Value” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
Place value means the numeric worth a digit has *because of where it sits* in a number. For example, the "5" in 50 means fifty, but the "5" in 5,000 means five thousand—same digit, different value based on its position.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says the digit's value doesn't depend on its position, which is the opposite of place value. That would mean every digit has the same value no matter where it appears, which would make our number system impossible to use.
What does “Rounding Number” mean?
Why A is correct:
Rounding means changing a number to make it *simpler and closer* to a target level of accuracy—usually to the nearest 10, 100, 1000, etc. For example, 47 rounds to 50 (nearest 10).
Why B is wrong:
This describes the opposite of rounding. Rounding brings numbers *closer* to a target accuracy level, not farther away from it.
What does “Sequential Order” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Mengatur atau mengikuti dalam urutan atau urutan yang logis"
- "Sequential" means following one thing after another in a logical order, like steps 1, 2, 3. This option correctly defines it as arranging or following in logical sequence.
Why B is wrong:
- Option B describes random or disorganized arrangement, which is the *opposite* of sequential order. Sequential means things are organized and follow a pattern, not random.
What does “Ordinal Counting” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
Ordinal counting uses numbers to show *position or order* (1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.). It answers "which one?" based on sequence, not "how many?"
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes *cardinal* counting, which uses numbers to show *quantity or amount* (1, 2, 3 items). Cardinal numbers answer "how many?" — that's a different concept from ordinal counting.
What does “Cardinality” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Jumlah elemen dalam suatu set atau kelompok
Cardinality is about *how many* items are in a set. For example, if you have a set {1, 2, 3}, the cardinality is 3 because there are 3 elements. It's a count or size measurement.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes *order or arrangement* of elements (like sorting from smallest to largest). This relates to permutations or sequences, not cardinality. Cardinality doesn't care about the arrangement—only the total count.
What does “Bijection” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
A bijection is a function that is both injective (one-to-one) AND surjective (onto). This means every element in the first set maps to exactly one unique element in the second set, and every element in the second set is mapped to by exactly one element from the first set. This creates a perfect one-to-one correspondence.
Why B is wrong:
Option B contradicts the definition by saying the function is "not injective and surjective" (using "tidak" = not). A bijection MUST be both injective AND surjective, so this option is the opposite of what bijection means.
What does “Parity” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Properti bilangan bulat menjadi genap atau ganjil
- Parity specifically refers to whether a number is even or odd—this is its core mathematical definition.
- Examples: 4 has even parity, 7 has odd parity.
Why B is wrong:
- Whether a number is negative or positive is called its sign, not parity.
- This is a different mathematical property from parity.
What does “Integral Part” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
The integral part is the whole number portion of a number. For example, in 5.73, the integral part is 5. It's the number without any decimal or fractional component.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes the opposite—it defines the *fractional* part (the decimals after the point). In 5.73, the fractional part would be 0.73, not the integral part.
What does “Fractional Part” mean?
Correct answer (A): The fractional part is the decimal portion that comes *after* the decimal point. For example, in 3.75, the fractional part is 0.75—it represents pieces smaller than a whole number.
Why B is wrong: The part *before* the decimal point is called the whole number or integer part, not the fractional part. In 3.75, the "3" is the whole number part.
What does “Cumulative Count” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
"Cumulative Count" means a running total that keeps growing as you add each new number. For example: 1, then 1+2=3, then 3+3=6. Each count includes all previous numbers combined.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes a *separate* or *individual* count for each number, which is the opposite of cumulative. Cumulative means you're always adding to what came before, not counting each item independently.
What does “Perfect Number” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
A perfect number equals the sum of its proper divisors (all divisors except itself). Example: 6 is perfect because its divisors are 1, 2, 3, and 1+2+3=6.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says a perfect number does NOT equal the sum of its divisors—this is the opposite of the definition. A number like 12 (where 1+2+3+4+6=16) would fit B's description, but 12 is not perfect.
What does “Abundant Number” mean?
I notice there's an inconsistency in your question. The correct answer you've marked (Option A) actually translates to "A number that is less than the sum of its proper divisors," but that defines a Deficient Number, not an Abundant Number.
An Abundant Number is actually: A number that is greater than the sum of its proper divisors (Option B).
Example: 12 is abundant because its proper divisors (1, 2, 3, 4, 6) sum to 16, which is more than 12.
Please verify the correct answer, as it appears there may be an error in your question key.
What does “Deficient Number” mean?
I notice there's an inconsistency in your question—the correct answer you've marked (Option A) contradicts the standard mathematical definition of a deficient number.
The mathematically correct answer should be Option B ("A number that is less than the sum of its divisors").
A deficient number is one where the sum of its proper divisors (all divisors except the number itself) is *less than* the number. For example, 8 has divisors 1, 2, 4, and their sum (7) is less than 8, making it deficient.
- Option A is incorrect because it describes the opposite—a number greater than its divisor sum, which would be abundant.
- Option B is correct as it accurately defines deficient numbers.
If this is from a non-standard source or there's a translation issue, please verify the original definition being taught.
What does “Pentadecimal Number” mean?
Why A is correct:
"Pentadecimal" comes from "penta" (meaning 5) + "decimal" (meaning 10), which adds up to 15. So pentadecimal is a base-15 number system that uses digits 0–9 and letters A–E.
Why B is wrong:
Base-16 is called "hexadecimal" (from "hexa" meaning 6, plus 10 = 16), not pentadecimal. Base-16 uses digits 0–9 and letters A–F.
What does “Duo-Decimal Number” mean?
• A is correct: "Duo-Decimal" breaks down as "duo" (two) + "decimal" (ten), meaning 2+10=12. This is a base-12 number system, also called duodecimal or dozenal.
• B is incorrect: Base 10 is called "decimal" (from Latin *decem* = ten). If it were base 10, it would just be called decimal, not duo-decimal. The "duo" prefix signals we're adding something to the base-10 concept.
What does “Tally Marks” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
Tally marks are simple vertical lines (and a diagonal line through every 5th group) used to count and keep track of amounts. This is exactly what option A describes—a system using simple lines to count or track quantities.
Why B is wrong:
Option B says tally marks are a system that does *not* count or track quantities. This is the opposite of what tally marks actually do, making it incorrect.
What does “Addend” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Nomor yang ditambahkan dalam operasi penambahan.
- "Addend" comes from the Latin word meaning "to add." It refers to any number being added together in an addition problem. For example, in 3 + 5 = 8, both 3 and 5 are addends.
Why B is wrong:
- That describes a "subtrahend" (the number being subtracted), not an addend. Subtraction and addition are different operations with different terminology.
What does “Minuend” mean?
Correct Answer: A - Nomor dari mana nomor lain dikurangi
In subtraction, the minuend is the starting number that you subtract *from*. For example, in 10 - 3 = 7, the minuend is 10 (the number being reduced).
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes addition, not subtraction. When you add numbers together, you're not using a minuend—you're combining quantities.
What does “Subtrahend” mean?
Correct answer (A): Nomor yang dikurangi dari nomor lain
- In a subtraction problem, the subtrahend is the number being taken away or subtracted. For example, in 10 − 3 = 7, the number 3 is the subtrahend.
Why B is wrong:
- That describes addition, not subtraction. A number being added is called an "addend," not a subtrahend.
What does “Greatest Common Divisor” mean?
Correct Answer (A): The GCD is the largest number that divides evenly into two or more numbers. For example, the GCD of 12 and 18 is 6, because 6 is the biggest number that goes into both with no remainder.
Why B is wrong: Option B describes the Least Common Multiple (LCM), not the GCD. The LCM is the *smallest* number that both numbers divide into, which is the opposite concept. For 12 and 18, the LCM is 36.
What does “Least Common Multiple” mean?
Correct Answer (A): The LCM is the *smallest* number that all given numbers divide into evenly. For example, the LCM of 4 and 6 is 12 (the smallest number both divide into perfectly).
Why B is wrong: That describes the Greatest Common *Divisor* (GCD), not the LCM. The GCD is the largest number that divides *into* your numbers, which is the opposite concept. B also uses "terbesar" (largest) instead of "terkecil" (smallest).
What does “Quadratic Equation” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Quadratic" comes from the Latin word for "square." A quadratic equation has the unknown variable raised to the power of 2 (squared) as its highest power—like x² + 3x + 2 = 0.
Why B is wrong: An equation where the highest power is 3 (cubed) is called a *cubic* equation, not quadratic. That's a different type entirely.
What does “Permutation” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Permutation means arranging members of a set in a specific order—order matters. For example, arranging 3 people in a line: ABC is different from BAC.
Why B is wrong: Option B says "not arranging in order," which describes a combination, not a permutation. In combinations, order doesn't matter (choosing 2 people from a group is the same whether you pick them first or second).
What does “Numerical Order” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Numerical order" means arranging items according to their corresponding numbers—like lining up 1, 2, 3, 4 in sequence. This is the standard definition used in math and organization.
Why B is wrong: Option B describes random arrangement *without* paying attention to numbers, which is the opposite of numerical order. That would be called "random order" or "disorder," not numerical order.
What does “Sequential Numbering” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Sequential" means following in order, one after another. So sequential numbering is labeling items with numbers that follow a logical sequence—like 1, 2, 3, 4 or 10, 20, 30. This is the standard meaning used in organization and filing systems.
Why B is wrong: It says the numbers do NOT follow each other in order, which is the opposite of what "sequential" means. Random or non-sequential numbering (like 5, 12, 3, 9) would be the opposite of sequential numbering.
What does “Double-Figure Digit” mean?
Correct answer (A): "Double-figure digit" means a number made of two digits. "Double" = two, so any number from 10–99 is a double-figure digit (like 15, 42, or 99).
Why B is wrong: Three digits would be called a "triple-figure digit" or "three-digit number" (like 100–999), not a double-figure digit.
What does “Triple-Figure Digit” mean?
Why A is correct:
"Triple-Figure Digit" means a number with three digits. "Triple" = three, and "figure" = digit. Examples: 100, 456, 999.
Why B is wrong:
That describes a two-digit number (like 25 or 87), which would be "double-figure" or "two-figure," not triple-figure.
What does “Incremental Counting” mean?
Correct answer (A): "Incremental" means increasing or going up step-by-step. So incremental counting is counting *up* by ones (1, 2, 3, 4...).
Why B is wrong: That describes *decremental* counting (counting down), which is the opposite of incremental. The word "incremental" specifically refers to increases, not decreases.
What does “Decrease Count” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Decrease Count" literally means counting *down* — subtracting one number at a time (like 10, 9, 8, 7...). The word "decrease" means to go down or reduce.
Why B is wrong: Option B describes *increasing* count one by one, which is the opposite of what "decrease" means. That would be "increase count," not decrease count.
What does “Unary Number” mean?
# Explanation
A is correct: A unary number system uses only the digit "1" (or a single symbol like tally marks). You represent numbers by repeating this one symbol—for example, 5 would be written as "11111". It's the simplest numbering system.
B is incorrect: This describes systems like binary (two digits: 0,1), decimal (ten digits: 0-9), or hexadecimal (sixteen symbols). These use *multiple* different digits, which is the opposite of unary.
What does “Number Sequence” mean?
A is correct because a number sequence is literally an ordered list where each term follows a mathematical rule or pattern. For example, 2, 4, 6, 8 follows the rule "add 2 each time."
B is wrong because it describes a random list with no pattern—that's the opposite of a sequence. Sequences are defined *by* having a rule that determines each term.
What does “Isolated Digit” mean?
Correct Answer (A): "Isolated" means standing alone or separate. An isolated digit is a single number that stands by itself, not part of any group or sequence. For example, the digit 5 appearing alone is isolated, but 5 in "567" is not.
Why B is wrong: This describes the opposite of isolated. If a digit is part of a group or sequence, it's *connected* or *grouped*, not isolated.
What does “Fractional Sequencing” mean?
Why A is correct:
Fractional sequencing literally means a sequence involving fractions (pecahan). "Fractional" refers to fractions, so this sequence progresses using fractional values or increments.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes a sequence with whole numbers (angka keseluruhan), which would be the opposite of fractional sequencing. Whole numbers don't involve fractions at all.
What does “Decimal Fraction” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
A decimal fraction is a fraction where the denominator is a power of 10 (like 10, 100, 1000) and is written using digits *after* the decimal point. For example, 0.5 = 5/10 and 0.25 = 25/100. This is the standard definition.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes a whole number or integer (a number without a decimal point), which is the opposite of a decimal fraction. Decimal fractions *must* have a decimal point to show the fractional part.
What does “Cube Number” mean?
Correct Answer (A): A cube number is when you multiply a whole number by itself three times (not two). For example: 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8, so 8 is a cube number. The term "cube" refers to the three dimensions of a cube shape.
Why B is wrong: This describes numbers that are NOT cube numbers—it's the opposite of what we're looking for. We want numbers that CAN be expressed as a whole number multiplied by itself three times, not numbers that cannot.
What does “Countability” mean?
# Explanation
Correct Answer (A): Countability means a set has the same number of elements as some standard set of natural numbers. This is the mathematical definition—a set is countable if you can match its elements one-to-one with natural numbers (1, 2, 3, ...), whether finite or infinite.
Why B is wrong: Option B describes a set with infinite elements that *cannot* be counted or matched to natural numbers—this is an uncountable set, the opposite of countable. The definition contradicts what countability actually means.
What does “Pell's Sequence” mean?
Correct Answer (A): Pell's Sequence is a specific mathematical sequence with a defined recursive formula (each term depends on previous terms) named after mathematician John Pell. It follows the pattern: P(n) = 2·P(n-1) + P(n-2), starting with P(0)=0 and P(1)=1.
Why B is wrong: Option B describes a sequence with NO pattern or formula, which is the opposite of Pell's Sequence. Pell's Sequence is highly ordered and predictable—that's what makes it mathematically important.
What does “Repeated Subtraction” mean?
Correct Answer (A):
Repeated subtraction means subtracting the same number multiple times from a starting number. For example, 12 − 3 − 3 − 3 − 3 = 0 shows subtracting 3 four times. This is the foundation for understanding division.
Why B is wrong:
Option B describes *repeated addition* (adding the same number many times), which is actually the opposite operation. That would be multiplication, not subtraction.
What does “Number Line” mean?
A is correct: A number line is a straight line where every point corresponds to a real number. This is the standard mathematical definition—it's how we visualize and organize all real numbers in order.
B is wrong: This says points on the line have NO connection to any numbers, which contradicts what a number line is. A number line's whole purpose is to link points to numbers, so this definition is backwards.
What does “Surd” mean?
Correct answer (A): A surd is an irrational number that cannot be expressed as a simple fraction—like √2 or √3. These numbers have endless, non-repeating decimals and can't be written as a ratio of two integers.
Why B is wrong: This describes a *rational* number (like 1/2 or 3/4), which is the opposite of a surd. Rational numbers CAN be expressed as fractions, while surds cannot.
What does “Mathematical Constant” mean?
A is correct: A mathematical constant is a fixed number that has a specific value and doesn't change—like π (pi) or e. These numbers always have the same value no matter when or where you use them in calculations.
B is wrong: This describes a *variable*, not a constant. Variables (like x or y) change and take different values depending on the equation or problem. Constants are the opposite—they stay the same.
What does “Decimal Separator” mean?
Correct Answer (A): A decimal separator *separates* the whole number part from the decimal (fractional) part. In 3.14, the period (.) is the decimal separator—it divides 3 (whole) from 14 (decimal part).
Why B is wrong: Option B says the separator "combines" (menggabungkan) the parts, but that's backwards. The separator doesn't join them together; it marks the boundary *between* them. The symbol's job is to show where one part ends and the other begins, not to unite them.
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