Health and Medical

Why A is correct:
Leukemia literally means "white blood" and is a malignant (cancerous) disease where bone marrow produces abnormal, immature white blood cells in excessive amounts. This is the accurate medical definition.

Why B is wrong:
This describes a *benign* (non-cancerous) condition with *normal* white blood cells—the complete opposite of leukemia. Leukemia is progressive, serious, and involves abnormal cells, not healthy ones.

Correct Answer (A): A stethoscope is a listening instrument—doctors use it to hear sounds inside the body like heartbeats and breathing. The word literally means "chest viewer" from Greek roots (*stetho* = chest, *scope* = to view/hear).

Why B is wrong: That definition describes a medicine or drug that slows life processes, which is not what a stethoscope is at all. A stethoscope is a physical tool, not a substance you take.

Correct Answer (A): Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that happen in living organisms to keep them alive—like breaking down food for energy, building new cells, and removing waste. This is the scientific definition.

Why B is wrong: That option describes dehydration (kekurangan air), which is a condition caused by not having enough water. Dehydration is a health problem, not a metabolic process itself.

Why A is correct:
This definition accurately describes vitamins—they're organic compounds essential for normal growth and nutrition that your body can't make itself, so you must get them from food in small amounts.

Why B is wrong:
This describes antimicrobials or antibiotics (substances that stop or kill microorganisms), not vitamins. Vitamins support health rather than fight pathogens.

Correct Answer (A): "Infection" means the process of being infected or the state of being infected. This directly translates the English word—when harmful microorganisms invade your body and cause disease.

Why B is wrong: Option B describes insulin, a hormone from the pancreas. This is a completely different medical term and has nothing to do with infection or microorganisms.

Correct Answer (A): Kehilangan air atau garam mineral penting untuk hidup.
This is the definition of dehydration—when your body loses too much water and essential salts/minerals needed to function properly.

Why B is wrong:
Option B describes auscultation (listening to internal organs with a stethoscope), which is a medical examination technique, not dehydration. It has nothing to do with water or mineral loss.

Correct Answer (A): An antibiotic is a medicine that stops microorganisms (like bacteria) from growing or kills them. This is the exact definition of antibiotics—they fight infections by targeting harmful microbes.

Why B is wrong: That describes vitamins or essential nutrients, not antibiotics. While both are important for health, vitamins support normal body functions, whereas antibiotics specifically fight infections by attacking microorganisms.

# Explanation

A is correct because fever is specifically an elevated body temperature—often accompanied by chills, headache, and in severe cases, delirium. This matches the medical definition of fever.

B is wrong because it describes pulse or heart rate (the rhythmic beating of arteries as blood is pumped), not fever. While someone with a fever might have an elevated pulse, pulse and fever are two different vital signs.

Correct Answer (A): Insulin is a hormone your pancreas makes to control blood sugar levels. When you eat, your pancreas releases insulin to help cells absorb glucose for energy and storage—this is the actual scientific definition.

Why B is wrong: That describes an X-ray or imaging technique used to see inside the body, not a hormone. It confuses a diagnostic tool with a biological substance.

Correct Answer: A

A pulse is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries as blood is pumped through them with each heartbeat. You can feel your pulse at your wrist or neck—it's that steady "thumping" sensation.

Why B is wrong:

B describes a fever (demam), not a pulse. While fever and pulse are both related to health monitoring, they measure completely different things: fever is abnormally high body temperature, whereas pulse is the heartbeat's effect on your arteries.

Why A is correct:
X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation with high energy and very short wavelengths, which is exactly why they can penetrate through materials that block visible light (like skin and muscle) but not dense materials (like bone). This property is what makes X-rays useful for medical imaging.

Why B is wrong:
B describes insulin, not X-rays. Insulin is a hormone from the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels—this has nothing to do with electromagnetic radiation or imaging technology.

Correct Answer (A): Blood pressure is the force exerted BY blood ON vessel walls. As your heart pumps, blood pushes outward against artery walls—this outward pressure is what we measure.

Why B is wrong: It says blood pressure is force "removed from" vessel walls, which is backwards. Blood doesn't take force away from vessels; it pushes against them. This option describes the opposite of what actually happens.

Why A is correct:
Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that naturally exists *in* your blood and cells. Your body produces it and it circulates through your bloodstream.

Why B is wrong:
This option suggests cholesterol is *removed from* blood, which is backwards. While your body does eliminate some cholesterol, that's not what cholesterol fundamentally is. Cholesterol is present in your blood, not something that leaves it.

Option A is correct because it accurately defines dentistry as the branch of medicine that studies, diagnoses, prevents, and treats diseases and conditions of the oral cavity (mouth).

Option B is wrong because it says dentistry is NOT involved in these activities—which is the opposite of the truth. The word "tidak" (not) makes this definition incorrect.

Why A is correct:
Epilepsy is defined by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. The key features are: episodes that repeat, sudden sensory disturbances, loss of consciousness, and/or convulsions—all stemming from faulty brain electrical signals.

Why B is wrong:
This describes the *opposite* of epilepsy. It says "normal sensory function," "consciousness," and "no seizures"—these are characteristics of a healthy nervous system, not epilepsy. Epilepsy is specifically a disorder defined by *abnormal* electrical activity and recurring seizures.

Correct Answer (A): This accurately defines fibromyalgia—it's a chronic disorder featuring widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness in specific localized areas (tender points). This matches the actual medical definition.

Why B is wrong: Option B describes the *opposite* of fibromyalgia. It says there is *no* musculoskeletal pain, *no* fatigue, and *no* sensitivity—which contradicts what fibromyalgia actually is. Fibromyalgia is characterized by *presence* of these symptoms, not their absence.

Correct (A): Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases where increased fluid pressure damages the optic nerve, potentially leading to blindness if untreated. This is the medical definition.

Wrong (B): This reverses the meaning—glaucoma doesn't *prevent* blindness; it can *cause* it. While treatment can prevent vision loss, the condition itself is a risk factor for blindness, not a preventive one.

Correct Answer: Kondisi inflamasi dari hati (Liver inflammation)

The term "hepatitis" comes from "hepato-" (liver) + "-itis" (inflammation). So it literally means inflammation of the liver—the correct answer.

Why B is wrong:
"Kondisi sehat dari hati" means a *healthy* condition of the liver. Hepatitis is the opposite—it's a disease/disorder, not a healthy state. The "-itis" suffix always indicates inflammation or disease, never health.

# Explanation

Correct Answer (A): Immunodeficiency means the immune system's ability to fight infections is weakened or completely absent. The prefix "immuno-" refers to immunity, and "deficiency" means lack or weakness—so it describes a *reduced* immune response.

Why B is wrong: This describes the *opposite* situation—a strong, fully functional immune system. That would be normal immunity or immunocompetence, not immunodeficiency. The word "kuat" (strong) directly contradicts what immunodeficiency means.

Correct Answer (A): A joint is where two or more bones *connect or meet*. This is the definition—joints allow bones to link together and enable movement in your body (like your knee, elbow, or shoulder).

Why B is wrong: Option B says bones are "not connected," which is the opposite of what a joint is. If bones aren't connected, there's no joint at all.

# Explanation

A is correct because kidney disease literally means any condition that *damages* the kidneys and *reduces* their ability to filter waste and regulate fluids. This is the actual medical definition.

B is wrong because it reverses the meaning—it says disease "increases" kidney function, which makes no sense. Diseases harm organs; they don't improve them. If kidneys were improved and working better, that would be the opposite of disease.

A is correct because bacteria are actually microscopic (very tiny), single-celled organisms found everywhere on Earth—in soil, water, air, and even inside living things.

B is wrong because it describes organisms as "large" and "multicellular"—bacteria are the opposite. While some organisms like plants and animals are large and made of many cells, bacteria are too small to see without a microscope and consist of just one cell.

Correct Answer (A):
A virus is a tiny infectious agent that *only* reproduces inside living cells—it cannot replicate on its own and needs a host cell's machinery to survive and spread.

Why B is wrong:
- Viruses are *small*, not large
- Viruses *are* contagious/transmissible, not non-infectious
- Viruses replicate *inside* cells, not outside them

Correct Answer (A):
A mammogram is an X-ray image of the breast used to *detect* or *examine* for breast cancer. This is the medical screening tool doctors use to find tumors or abnormalities early.

Why B is wrong:
Option B says mammograms are used to "promote" breast cancer, which makes no sense. Mammograms are a diagnostic tool designed to *prevent* and *detect* cancer, not encourage it. The word "mempromosikan" (promote) is incorrect medical terminology here.

Correct Answer (A): An antiseptic is a substance applied to living tissue that *prevents* infection by killing or inhibiting harmful microorganisms. This is its fundamental purpose in medical and hygiene contexts.

Why B is wrong: This option says antiseptics *promote* infection, which is the opposite of what they do. You might be thinking of a *pathogen* or *contaminant*, not an antiseptic. Antiseptics are protective, not harmful.

Correct Answer (A): Proses membuat sesuatu bebas dari bakteri atau mikroorganisme hidup lainnya.

Sterilization means removing or killing all living bacteria and microorganisms to make something clean and safe. This is why hospitals sterilize medical equipment—to prevent infection.

Why B is wrong:

Option B says the opposite—it describes making something *full of* bacteria, which would be contamination, not sterilization. That's the exact opposite of what sterilization does.

Correct Answer (A): Heart rate is measured by counting contractions (beats) per minute. When your heart contracts, it pumps blood throughout your body—this is the beat you feel. Counting contractions gives you the accurate heart rate.

Why B is wrong: While the heart does expand (relax), expansion is the resting phase between beats. If you counted expansions instead of contractions, you'd get the same number anyway, but contractions are the medically standard way to measure heart rate since that's when the heart actively pumps blood.

Why A is correct:
"Ultra" means beyond/higher, and ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves that can penetrate the body to create images of internal organs and structures. This is the actual medical definition.

Why B is wrong:
- It incorrectly says "low-frequency" sound waves—ultrasound is specifically high-frequency (that's what "ultra" means)
- It says images are captured from "outside the body"—ultrasound actually images inside the body, which is why it's so useful for checking pregnancies, organs, and tissues

Why A is correct:
Mental health is defined as a state of *wellbeing*, not illness. It's about recognizing your own abilities, handling life's normal stresses, working productively, and contributing to your community—all positive indicators of good mental health.

Why B is wrong:
This describes mental *illness* or poor mental health (a state of being unwell), not mental health itself. Mental health is the positive condition, while this option describes the opposite—inability to function and contribute.

Why A is correct:
Dialysis removes waste and excess water from blood—this is exactly what healthy kidneys do naturally. It's an artificial replacement for kidney function when kidneys fail.

Why B is wrong:
It says dialysis *adds* waste and water to blood, which is the opposite of what actually happens. Dialysis cleans the blood, not pollutes it. The word "penambahan" (addition) is incorrect; it should be "pengganti" (replacement).

Correct answer (A): EKG (electrocardiogram) is a diagnostic test that measures the heart's electrical activity. It records these signals to help doctors detect heart problems.

Why B is wrong: The word "menekan" means "to press" or "to suppress," which doesn't describe what an EKG does. An EKG observes the heart's activity—it doesn't suppress or press anything. The correct word is "mengukur" (to measure).

Why A is correct:
This is the accurate scientific definition of lipids. It correctly describes their key properties: they dissolve in nonpolar organic solvents (not water), they're major structural components of cells alongside proteins and carbohydrates, and it lists real examples (fats, waxes, phospholipids, cerebrosides).

Why B is wrong:
This directly contradicts what lipids actually do. Lipids are *essential* to cell structure and function—they form cell membranes, store energy, insulate organs, and regulate processes. Saying they're "not important" is factually incorrect.

Option A is correct because it accurately describes proteins as complex natural substances made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, containing specific elements (C, H, N, O, usually S, sometimes P or Fe), and performing vital biological functions like enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.

Option B is wrong because it describes proteins as simple substances without important biological compounds—the exact opposite of what proteins actually are. Proteins are highly complex and include many essential biological compounds.

Why A is correct:
Carbohydrates are organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include sugars, starches, and cellulose—all produced mainly by green plants—and serve as a major food source for animals. This definition captures the complete, accurate meaning.

Why B is wrong:
This is the opposite of reality. Carbohydrates ARE a significant food source for animals (think: bread, rice, fruits). Option B directly contradicts what carbohydrates actually do.

Why A is correct:
Electrolytes are substances that conduct electricity when dissolved in a suitable medium (like water) or melted because they break apart into ions. These ions are what allow electrical current to flow.

Why B is wrong:
This describes an *insulator*, not an electrolyte. Electrolytes actually *allow* electricity to conduct, not prevent it.

# Explanation

A is correct because bedsores (decubitus ulcers) form when prolonged pressure cuts off blood supply to tissue, causing it to break down and ulcerate. This matches the definition exactly.

B is wrong because it describes the opposite—healing and tissue rejuvenation. Bedsores are damage and deterioration, not repair. Additionally, bedsores involve *insufficient* blood supply, not adequate supply.

Correct Answer (A): Atrophy means a decrease in size or wasting away of body parts or tissue. This happens when muscles aren't used, organs fail, or cells deteriorate—like muscles shrinking from lack of exercise.

Why B is wrong: Option B describes the opposite process (growth/enlargement), which is called hypertrophy, not atrophy. Atrophy is specifically about shrinking and loss, not gaining size.

Correct Answer (A):
"Musculoskeletal" combines two parts: "muscular" (muscles) + "skeletal" (bones/skeleton). It describes anything involving both the muscles and the skeletal system together—like musculoskeletal pain or disease.

Why B is wrong:
Option B says the opposite—it claims musculoskeletal is *not* related to muscles and bones, which directly contradicts the word's definition. This is the incorrect negation of the correct answer.

Correct Answer (A): "Physiologic" means relating to the body's functions and processes. It comes from "physiology"—the study of how living organisms and their parts work. This definition directly describes what the term means.

Why B is wrong: This option says physiologic is *not* related to body functions and processes—the exact opposite of the actual meaning. It contradicts the fundamental definition of the word.

Correct Answer (A):
The circulatory system is the network of vessels and organs that transports blood and lymph throughout your body. This is its core function—to circulate these fluids to deliver oxygen, nutrients, and remove waste.

Why B is wrong:
Option B says the circulatory system does NOT circulate blood and lymph, which is the opposite of what it actually does. This contradicts the definition entirely.

Why A is correct:
The respiratory system is literally defined as the organs and structures that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and its environment. The answer correctly identifies key examples (lungs in mammals, gills in fish) and describes the core function of gas exchange.

Why B is wrong:
This option contradicts the actual definition by saying the respiratory system is "not involved" in oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release—the opposite of what it actually does. This is factually incorrect.

Correct Answer (A): Proses membuat sayatan pada vena untuk mengambil darah

"Phlebotomy" comes from Greek: "phlebo-" (vein) + "-tomy" (cutting). It literally means making an incision in a vein to draw blood for testing or donation.

Why B is wrong:
Option B describes *injection* or *infusion*—putting fluid INTO a vein. This is the opposite of phlebotomy, which removes blood FROM a vein.

Correct Answer (A): Kondisi pernapasan yang sulit atau berat

• "Dyspnea" is a medical term meaning difficulty breathing or shortness of breath—it's a respiratory problem that feels labored or uncomfortable.

Why B is wrong:
- Option B describes the *opposite* condition—easy, unobstructed breathing (which would be normal respiration, not dyspnea).
- The prefix "dys-" in medical terms means "difficult" or "abnormal," not easy.

Correct Answer (A): Angioplasty means a surgical repair or opening of a blocked blood vessel, especially coronary arteries. The prefix "angio-" means blood vessel, and "-plasty" means to repair or reshape. This is a procedure to *restore* blood flow.

Why B is wrong: Option B says angioplasty is a *blockade* (blocking) of blood vessels. This is the opposite of what angioplasty does—it *opens* blockages rather than creating them.

Correct Answer (A): Rheumatology literally comes from "rheum" (fluid/flow) and deals with diseases of the joints, muscles, and connective tissues—like arthritis. This is the accurate definition.

Why B is wrong: Option B describes diseases *outside* the musculoskeletal system, which is the opposite of what rheumatology focuses on. Rheumatology is specifically about joint and muscle disorders, not other organ systems.

Correct Answer (A):
"Echo" means sound/echo, and "cardio" means heart. An echocardiogram uses sound waves (ultrasound) to create images of the heart's structure and function. This is a standard diagnostic tool in cardiology.

Why B is wrong:
An imaging test of the brain using sound waves would be called something different (brain ultrasound or neurosonography). An echocardiogram specifically refers to the *heart*, not the brain.

Correct Answer (A): "Endoscopy" literally means "looking inside" (endo = inside, scopy = viewing). It's a medical procedure using a thin camera to examine hollow organs and body cavities from the inside, like the stomach, colon, or lungs.

Why B is wrong: That describes external examination or inspection of the skin/outer surface—the opposite of endoscopy. Endoscopy specifically requires inserting an instrument to see internal structures that can't be viewed from outside.

Correct Answer (A): A catheter is a hollow tube inserted into the body to deliver or remove fluids—like urine drainage tubes or IV lines. This matches the medical definition exactly.

Why B is wrong: This describes the *opposite* function. A catheter enables flow, not blocks it. An obstruction or valve would block fluid flow, not a catheter.

Correct Answer: A. Cabang kedokteran yang berurusan dengan ginjal.

The word "nephrology" comes from "nephr-" (Greek for kidney) + "-ology" (study of). So it literally means the study and medical treatment of kidneys. A is correct because nephrology is the medical specialty focused on kidney diseases and disorders.

Why B is wrong: That describes cardiology, not nephrology. Cardiology deals with the heart ("cardio-" = heart), which is a completely different organ system.

Correct Answer (A): "Otolaryngology" breaks down into Greek roots: "oto" (ear) + "laryngo" (larynx/throat) + "ology" (study of). So it literally means the medical specialty dealing with ear, nose, and throat conditions—exactly what option A states.

Why B is wrong: Option B describes internal organs, but otolaryngology focuses on external and upper respiratory structures (ENT), not internal organs like the heart, liver, or stomach. The Greek roots don't support this definition.